{"id":4438,"date":"2018-04-03T23:46:58","date_gmt":"2018-04-03T22:46:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/?p=4438"},"modified":"2018-04-20T15:56:15","modified_gmt":"2018-04-20T14:56:15","slug":"les-droits-des-femmes-en-angleterre-au-19eme-siecle-la-lutte-pour-les-droits-au-sein-de-la-sphere-publique-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/?p=4438","title":{"rendered":"Les droits des femmes en Angleterre au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle : la lutte pour les droits au sein de la sph\u00e8re publique (I)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pdfprnt-buttons pdfprnt-buttons-post pdfprnt-top-right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F4438&print=pdf\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"image_pdf\" title=\"View PDF\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F4438&print=print\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-print\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/print.png\" alt=\"image_print\" title=\"Print Content\" \/><\/a><\/div><p align=\"justify\">Le Royaume Uni a f\u00eat\u00e9 le 6 f\u00e9vrier 2018 le centi\u00e8me anniversaire du droit de vote des femmes.\u00a0L&rsquo;obtention de ce droit est l&rsquo;aboutissement de plus de quarante ann\u00e9es de revendications \u00e9maill\u00e9es d&rsquo;\u00e9checs pour les militantes f\u00e9ministes. Ainsi que nous l&rsquo;avons vu dans un article pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, les femmes ont cherch\u00e9 dans premier temps au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle \u00e0 acqu\u00e9rir davantage de droits au sein de la sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e dans laquelle elles \u00e9taient cantonn\u00e9es\u00a0<a id=\"anote1\" href=\"#note1\">[1]<\/a>. A compter du milieu du 19\u00e8me, elles tentent \u00e9galement d&rsquo;investir\u00a0la sph\u00e8re publique r\u00e9serv\u00e9e jusqu&rsquo;ici aux hommes en portant leurs revendications sur l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation, l&#8217;emploi puis le droit de vote.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">A l&rsquo;avant-garde de ce mouvement, le\u00a0<em>Langham Place Group\u00a0<\/em>(1857-1866), un groupe de femmes particuli\u00e8rement actives, a la volont\u00e9 de faire progresser les droits des femmes en mati\u00e8re d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et d&#8217;emploi. A compter de 1865, une nouvelle revendication se fait jour : l&rsquo;octroi du droit de vote aux femmes. Le cercle de r\u00e9flexion sur le suffrage des femmes, la <em>Kensington Society<\/em>, cr\u00e9\u00e9 cette m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, compte parmi ses membres des figures embl\u00e9matiques du\u00a0<em>Langham Place Group<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3 align=\"justify\">Les femmes du\u00a0<em>Langham Place Group<\/em><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5090\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5090\" style=\"width: 278px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Barbara_Leigh_Smith_Bodichon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5090\" src=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Barbara_Leigh_Smith_Bodichon-222x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"278\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Barbara_Leigh_Smith_Bodichon-222x300.jpg 222w, https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Barbara_Leigh_Smith_Bodichon.jpg 573w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5090\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, par Samuel Laurence, phototypie, 1861, <em>National Portrait Gallery<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\">Le \u00ab<em>Langham Place Circle<\/em>\u00bb se met en place suite \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation en 1855 du \u00ab<em>Married Women&rsquo;s Property Committee<\/em>\u00bb. Ce comit\u00e9 s&rsquo;\u00e9tait constitu\u00e9 autour de deux amies, Barbara Leigh Smith (devenue Barbara Bodichon suite \u00e0 son mariage en 1857) et Bessie Rayner Parkes pour r\u00e9clamer pour les femmes mari\u00e9es les m\u00eames droits en mati\u00e8re de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 que les femmes non mari\u00e9es. Cette revendication se solde par un \u00e9chec\u00a0<a id=\"anote2\" href=\"#note2\">[2]<\/a><a id=\"anote3\" href=\"#note3\"><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Celles qu&rsquo;on nommera les\u00a0\u00ab<em>Ladies of Langham Place<\/em>\u00bb ne s&rsquo;arr\u00eatent pas l\u00e0 et sont \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine de nombreuses initiatives en faveur de l&rsquo;\u00e9mancipation des femmes par l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et l&#8217;emploi.\u00a0Elles se r\u00e9unissent d&rsquo;abord au 14a, Princes Street, Cavendish Square \u00e0 Londres, puis \u00e0 compter de 1859 au 19, Langham Place\u00a0<a id=\"anote3\" href=\"#note3\">[3]<\/a>. On y retrouve notamment\u00a0Barbara Bodichon,\u00a0Bessie Rayner Parkes,\u00a0Jessie Boucherett,\u00a0Emily Davies, Emily Faithfull, Maria Rye,\u00a0Adelaide Anne Procter, Isa Craig et\u00a0Helen Blackburn\u00a0<a id=\"anote4\" href=\"#note4\">[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>Le <em>English Woman&rsquo;s Journal<\/em> :<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5088\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5088\" style=\"width: 284px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Adelaide_Procter.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5088\" src=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Adelaide_Procter-235x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"284\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Adelaide_Procter-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Adelaide_Procter.jpg 332w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5088\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">La po\u00e9tesse Adelaide Anne (&lsquo;Mary Berick&rsquo;) Procter (1825-1864), peinture d&rsquo;Emma Gaggiotti Richards, <em>National Portrait Gallery<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\">Barbara Bodichon et Bessie Rayner Parkes\u00a0cr\u00e9ent en 1858 <em>The\u00a0English Woman&rsquo;s Journal<\/em>.\u00a0Le mensuel permet aux f\u00e9ministes de diffuser leurs id\u00e9es et traite \u00e0 la fois de politique, de sujets sociaux et de litt\u00e9rature\u00a0<a id=\"anote5\" href=\"#note5\">[5]<\/a>.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Parmi les contributeurs, on retrouve l&rsquo;\u00e9crivain Matilda Hays et la po\u00e8te Adelaide Anne Procter\u00a0<a id=\"anote6\" href=\"#note6\">[6]<\/a>.\u00a0Il est publi\u00e9 de 1858 \u00e0 1864, puis est remplac\u00e9 en 1866 par l&rsquo;<i>Englishwoman&rsquo;s Review\u00a0<\/i><a id=\"anote7\" href=\"#note7\">[7]<\/a><i>.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>La\u00a0<em>Society for Promoting the Employment of Women<\/em> :<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\">En 1859,\u00a0Jessie Boucherett et\u00a0Adelaide Anne Procter, toutes deux membres du\u00a0<em>Langham Place Group<\/em>,\u00a0fondent la\u00a0<em>Society for Promoting the Employment of Women\u00a0<\/em>(SPEW, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour la promotion de l\u2019emploi des femmes) <a id=\"anote8\" href=\"#note8\">[8]<\/a>. L&rsquo;organisation est officiellement pr\u00e9sid\u00e9e de 1859 \u00e0 1885 par un homme, le philanthrope Comte de Shaftesbury\u00a0<a id=\"anote9\" href=\"#note9\">[9]<\/a>. Son objectif est de permettre aux femmes c\u00e9libataires d&rsquo;acc\u00e9der \u00e0 une\u00a0ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9conomique\u00a0par le travail <a id=\"anote10\" href=\"#note10\">[10]<\/a>. Elle propose aux femmes des classes moyennes, qui n&rsquo;ont gu\u00e8re d&rsquo;autre opportunit\u00e9 d&#8217;emploi que gouvernante, des formations professionnelles, notamment dans le domaine de la comptabilit\u00e9 et de la vente\u00a0<a id=\"anote11\" href=\"#note11\">[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Des d\u00e9bouch\u00e9s sur le march\u00e9 du travail dans des m\u00e9tiers jusqu&rsquo;ici r\u00e9serv\u00e9s aux hommes sont recherch\u00e9s (photographie, lithographie, t\u00e9l\u00e9graphie, vente, coiffure, etc.)\u00a0<a id=\"anote12\" href=\"#note12\">[12]<\/a>. Un registre des emplois est mis en place\u00a0<a id=\"anote13\" href=\"#note13\">[13]<\/a><a id=\"anote12\" href=\"#note12\"><\/a>. Maria Rye cr\u00e9e en 1859 un bureau employant des femmes en qualit\u00e9 de copistes de documents juridiques <a id=\"anote14\" href=\"#note14\">[14]<\/a><a id=\"anote13\" href=\"#note13\"><\/a>. Avec\u00a0Isa Craig, elle fonde \u00e9galement en 1860 une \u00e9cole de formation \u00e0 la t\u00e9l\u00e9graphie\u00a0<a id=\"anote15\" href=\"#note15\">[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>La premi\u00e8re femme m\u00e9decin au Royaume Uni :<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5104\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5104\" style=\"width: 274px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Emily_Faithfull.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5104\" src=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Emily_Faithfull-211x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Emily_Faithfull-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Emily_Faithfull.jpg 315w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5104\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Faithfull \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1860, carte de visite Elliott &amp; Fry, <em>National Portrait Gallery<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\">Amie d&rsquo;Emily Davies,\u00a0Elizabeth Garrett Anderson int\u00e8gre le cercle du\u00a0<em>Langham Place Group\u00a0<\/em>et devient membre en 1859 de la\u00a0<em>Society for Promoting the Employment of Women\u00a0<\/em><a id=\"anote16\" href=\"#note16\">[16]<\/a>.\u00a0Elle assiste dans ce cadre \u00e0 une conf\u00e9rence d&rsquo;Elizabeth Blackwell,\u00a0premi\u00e8re femme dipl\u00f4m\u00e9e en m\u00e9decine aux \u00c9tats-Unis et d\u00e9cide en 1860\u00a0de se lancer dans des \u00e9tudes de m\u00e9decine\u00a0<a id=\"anote17\" href=\"#note17\">[17]<\/a>. Elle s&rsquo;inscrit en vain \u00e0 de nombreuses universit\u00e9s. Elle parvient \u00e0 suivre des cours au\u00a0<span class=\"lang-en\" lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\"><em>Middlesex Hospital<\/em> \u00e0 Londres avant d&rsquo;\u00eatre exclue. Elle est finalement autoris\u00e9e \u00e0 pr\u00e9senter les examens de la\u00a0<em>Society\u00a0of Apothecaries<\/em>\u00a0de\u00a0Londres\u00a0et\u00a0<\/span>devient en 1865 la premi\u00e8re femme m\u00e9decin du Royaume-Uni\u00a0<a id=\"anote18\" href=\"#note18\">[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4><strong>L&rsquo;imprimerie Victoria :<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\">Suite au refus des imprimeries d&rsquo;accueillir des femmes apprenties,\u00a0Emily Faithfull, membre du SPEW, fonde en 1860, l&rsquo;imprimerie \u00ab\u00a0Victoria\u00a0\u00bb (<em>The\u00a0Victoria Press<\/em>) qui emploie et forme des femmes aux m\u00e9tiers de\u00a0compositeurs et correcteurs\u00a0<a id=\"anote19\" href=\"#note19\">[19]<\/a>. Cette entreprise est rapidement un succ\u00e8s. <em>The Victoria Press<\/em> devient l&rsquo;imprimeur et \u00e9diteur attitr\u00e9 de la Reine Victoria. Emilie Faithfull institue au sein de l&rsquo;imprimerie\u00a0l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 salariale\u00a0entre salari\u00e9s hommes et femmes\u00a0<a id=\"anote20\" href=\"#note20\">[20]<\/a>. De 1860 \u00e0 1866, l&rsquo;imprimerie Victoria publie\u00a0<em>The\u00a0English Woman&rsquo;s Journal.<\/em>\u00a0En 1863, Emily Faithfull se lance dans la publication d&rsquo;une revue mensuelle, \u00ab\u00a0<em>The Victoria Magazine<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0, d\u00e9di\u00e9e \u00e0 la litt\u00e9rature, l&rsquo;art et la science\u00a0<a id=\"anote21\" href=\"#note21\">[21]<\/a>. Le magazine va, pendant des ann\u00e9es, relayer la revendication des femmes \u00e0 pouvoir b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d&rsquo;un emploi r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3 align=\"justify\">Les femmes de la <em>Kensington Society<\/em><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5066\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5066\" style=\"width: 266px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Emily_Davies.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5066\" src=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Emily_Davies-224x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Emily_Davies-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Emily_Davies.jpg 289w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5066\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Davies<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"justify\">A compter de 1865, des femmes commencent \u00e0 s&rsquo;organiser pour r\u00e9clamer le droit de vote. Un groupe de femmes (la <em>Kensington Society)\u00a0<\/em>se r\u00e9unit dans le quartier londonien de Kensington au domicile d&rsquo;une des membres, Charlotte Manning, pour d\u00e9battre du droit de vote pour les femmes <a id=\"anote22\" href=\"#note22\">[22]<\/a>. Parmi les membres, on retrouve certaines des\u00a0\u00ab<em>Ladies of Langham Place<\/em>\u00bb comme Barbara Bodichon, Emily Davies, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson,\u00a0Jessie Boucherett\u00a0<a id=\"anote23\" href=\"#note23\">[23]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le coll\u00e8ge Girton :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"justify\">Emily Davies\u00a0et Barbara Bodichon continuent pour autant leur action en faveur du droit \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation pour les femmes. L&rsquo;une et l&rsquo;autre partagent la m\u00eame aspiration, l\u2019ouverture des universit\u00e9s aux femmes. Elles cr\u00e9ent en 1869 le coll\u00e8ge Girton situ\u00e9 initialement \u00e0 Hitchin puis transf\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 compter de 1873 \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de Cambridge\u00a0<a id=\"anote24\" href=\"#note24\">[24]<\/a>. Il faudra cependant attendre 1947 pour que ce coll\u00e8ge soit pleinement int\u00e9gr\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Cambridge,\u00a0bastion de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation \u00e9litiste masculine avec Oxford\u00a0<a id=\"anote25\" href=\"#note25\">[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>\u00e0 suivre&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p align=\"justify\">1. <a id=\"note1\" href=\"#anote1\">[\u2191]<\/a> Voir les articles pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/?p=4386\">Les droits des femmes en Angleterre au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle : la lutte pour les droits au sein de la sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e (I)<\/a>\u00a0et\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/?p=4501\">Les droits des femmes en Angleterre au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle : la lutte pour les droits au sein de la sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e (II)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">2. <a id=\"note2\" href=\"#anote2\">[\u2191]<\/a> Voir l&rsquo;article pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/?p=4501\">Les droits des femmes en Angleterre au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle : la lutte pour les droits au sein de la sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e (II)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">3. <a id=\"note3\" href=\"#anote3\">[\u2191]<\/a> Voir l&rsquo;ouvrage <em>The Women&rsquo;s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928<\/em>, de<span class=\"addmd\">\u00a0Elizabeth Crawford, 2000, page 123 ; l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<\/span><em>Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon and the Langham Place Group<\/em>,\u00a0de\u00a0<span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"\">Candida Ann Lacey, 2010, page 220 ;\u00a0l&rsquo;ouvrage <em>Reading and the Victorians<\/em>, chapitre 3 <a href=\"http:\/\/epubs.surrey.ac.uk\/808373\/\"><em>Reading Langham Place. Periodicals at number 19<\/em><\/a>, de Beth Palmer, 2015, pages 47-48 ; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/langham.html\"><em>The Langham Place Group 1859-1863<\/em><\/a> de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 sur le site <a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\">http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org<\/a>\u00a0;<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">4. <a id=\"note4\" href=\"#anote4\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem\u00a0de Beth Palmer, 2015, pages 47-48 ; idem<span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/langham.html\"><em>The Langham Place Group 1859-1863<\/em><\/a> de Helena Wojtczak, 2009.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">5. <a id=\"note5\" href=\"#anote5\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem Candida Ann Lacey, 2010, page 11 ; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<em>Hope Deferred (Routledge Revivals): Girls&rsquo; Education in English History<\/em>, de\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">Josephine Kamm, 2010, page 123 ; l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<\/span><em>Women in British Politics<\/em>, <em>C.1689-1979<\/em>, de\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">Krista Cowman, 2010, page 41 ; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/publications.html\"><em>Early feminist publications<\/em><\/a>, de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 sur le site <a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\">http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org<\/a>\u00a0; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.branchcollective.org\/?ps_articles=janice-schroeder-on-the-english-womans-journal-1858-62\"><em>On the\u00a0English Woman\u2019s Journal, 1858-62<\/em><\/a>, de Janice Schroeder, sur le site internet\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.branchcollective.org\/\">http:\/\/www.branchcollective.org\/<\/a>\u00a0:\u00a0<em>BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History <\/em>; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncse.ac.uk\/headnotes\/ewj.html\"><em>English Woman\u2019s Journal (1858-1864)<\/em><\/a> sur le site internet NCSE (<em>the Nineteenth-Century Serials Editio<\/em>n) ; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bl.uk\/collections\/early\/victorian\/magazin\/magaz4.html\"><em>Magazines for Women,\u00a0The English Woman&rsquo;s Journal,\u00a01858-64<\/em><\/a> sur le site internet <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bl.uk\/\"><em>The British Library<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">6. <a id=\"note6\" href=\"#anote6\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem Beth Palmer, 2015.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">7. <a id=\"note7\" href=\"#anote7\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem Janice Schroeder.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">8. <a id=\"note8\" href=\"#anote8\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/spew.html\"><em>The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women<\/em><\/a>, de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 sur le site <a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\">http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org<\/a>\u00a0; l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<em>Women and Work in Britain Since 1840<\/em>, de\u00a0Gerry Holloway, 2005, pages 44-49.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">9. <a id=\"note9\" href=\"#anote9\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/spew.html\"><em>The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women<\/em><\/a>, de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 ;\u00a0l&rsquo;article\u00a0<em>A History of the Society<\/em> sur le site\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/futuresforwomen.org.uk\/\"><em>Futures for Women<\/em><\/a><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(nouveau nom de la\u00a0<em>Society for Promoting the Training of Women<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">10. <a id=\"note10\" href=\"#anote10\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem\u00a0<em>A History of the Society<\/em> sur le site\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/futuresforwomen.org.uk\/\"><em>Futures for Women<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">11. <a id=\"note11\" href=\"#anote11\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/spew.html\"><em>The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women<\/em><\/a>, de Helena Wojtczak, 2009.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">12. <a id=\"note12\" href=\"#anote12\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/spew.html\"><em>The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women<\/em><\/a>, de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 ; idem\u00a0<em>A History of the Society<\/em> sur le site\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/futuresforwomen.org.uk\/\"><em>Futures for Women<\/em><\/a>\u00a0;\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">Krista Cowman, 2010, page 41 ;\u00a0l&rsquo;article\u00a0<span class=\"a-size-medium a-color-secondary a-text-normal\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journalpublishingculture.weebly.com\/uploads\/1\/6\/8\/4\/16842954\/okeson.pdf\"><em>A Woman\u2019s Right to Work: Emily Faithfull and the Victoria Press<\/em><\/a><\/span>, de Taylor Okeson, page 3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">13. <a id=\"note13\" href=\"#anote13\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/spew.html\"><em>The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women<\/em><\/a>, de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 ; idem\u00a0Gerry Holloway, 2005, page 45 ;\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">Krista Cowman, 2010, page 41.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">14. <a id=\"note14\" href=\"#anote14\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/spew.html\"><em>The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women<\/em><\/a>, de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 ;\u00a0idem\u00a0de Beth Palmer, 2015, page 48.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">15. <a id=\"note15\" href=\"#anote15\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/spew.html\"><em>The Society for Promoting the Employment of Women<\/em><\/a>, de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 ; idem\u00a0de Beth Palmer, 2015, page 48.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">16. <a id=\"note16\" href=\"#anote16\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir la biographie de\u00a0<span class=\"name\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/10.1093\/ref:odnb\/9780198614128.001.0001\/odnb-9780198614128-e-30406\"><em>Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett<\/em><\/a> sur le site internet de l<em>&lsquo;<\/em><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/\"><em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography<\/em><\/a>\u00a0; conf\u00e9rence intitul\u00e9e\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/talkinghumanities.blogs.sas.ac.uk\/2017\/11\/23\/elizabeth-garrett-anderson-in-context\/\"><em>Elizabeth Garrett Anderson in Context: Origins of the Women&rsquo;s Movement in mid-Victorian Britain<\/em><\/a>, du Professeur Lawrence Goldman, 6 octobre 2017 sur le site <a href=\"https:\/\/talkinghumanities.blogs.sas.ac.uk\/\"><em>Talking Humanities<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">17. <a id=\"note17\" href=\"#anote17\">[\u2191]<\/a> Idem\u00a0Professeur Lawrence Goldman, 6 octobre 2017 ; la biographie de\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/historic_figures\/garrett_anderson_elizabeth.shtml\"><em>Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836 &#8211; 1917)<\/em><\/a> sur le site de la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/\">BBC<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">18. <a id=\"note18\" href=\"#anote18\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/richard-cavendish\/britain%E2%80%99s-first-female-doctor\"><em>Britain\u2019s first female doctor<\/em>,<\/a> de Richard Cavendish, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/\"><em>History Today<\/em><\/a>,\u00a0\u00a0num\u00e9ro 9, volume 65, 9 Septembre 2015.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">19. <a id=\"note19\" href=\"#anote19\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir\u00a0l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<span id=\"productTitle\" class=\"a-size-large\"><em>Women, Work and the Victorian Periodical: Living by the Press<\/em>, de\u00a0<span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"\">Marianne Van Remoortel,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"a-size-medium a-color-secondary a-text-normal\">2015, page 115 ; voir l&rsquo;article Faithfull, Emily (1835-1895) dans l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<\/span><em>Victorian Britain (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia<\/em>, de\u00a0<span class=\"a-size-medium a-color-secondary a-text-normal\"><span class=\"addmd\">Sally Mitchell, 2012, page 285 ; l&rsquo;article , de Taylor Okeson, <em>The Journal of Publishing Culture<\/em>, volume 7, mai 2017 ; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\/faithfull.html\"><em>Emily Faithfull and The Victoria Press<\/em><\/a>,\u00a0de Helena Wojtczak, 2009 sur le site <a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org\">http:\/\/www.historyofwomen.org<\/a>\u00a0; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~graphicarts\/2011\/10\/emily_faithfull_established_th.html\">Emily Faithfull and the first Western printing press operated by women<\/a><\/em>, de\u00a0<span class=\"byline\"><span class=\"vcard author\">Julie L. Mellby<\/span>,\u00a0<abbr class=\"published\" title=\"2011-10-25T23:05:00-05:00\">\u00a02011, sur le site de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/\"><em>Princeton University<\/em><\/a>.<\/abbr><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">20. <a id=\"note20\" href=\"#anote20\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Idem Taylor Okeson, mai 2017, page 5.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">21. <a id=\"note21\" href=\"#anote21\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir la biographie de\u00a0<span class=\"a-size-medium a-color-secondary a-text-normal\"><em>Faithfull, Emily (1835-1895)<\/em>, page 213,<em>\u00a0<\/em>dans l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<\/span><em><span id=\"productTitle\" class=\"a-size-large\">Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism: In Great Britain and Ireland<\/span><\/em><span id=\"productTitle\" class=\"a-size-large\">,\u00a0<span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"\">Laurel Brake\u00a0 et<span class=\"contribution\"><span class=\"a-color-secondary\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"\">Marysa Denmoor, 2009.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">22. <a id=\"note22\" href=\"#anote22\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/business\/committees\/committees-a-z\/commons-select\/petitions-committee\/petition-of-the-month\/votes-for-women-the-1866-suffrage-petition\/\"><em>Votes for women: the 1866 suffrage petition<\/em><\/a>, sur le site internet\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/\">www.parliament.uk<\/a>\u00a0; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/about\/living-heritage\/transformingsociety\/electionsvoting\/womenvote\/parliamentary-collections\/1866-suffrage-petition\/john-stuart-mill\/\"><em>John Stuart Mill and the 1866 petition<\/em><\/a>, sur le site internet\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/\">www.parliament.uk<\/a>\u00a0;\u00a0l&rsquo;ouvrage <em>Women&rsquo;s History: Britain, 1850-1945: An Introduction<\/em>, de\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">June Purvis, 2005, page 280 ; l&rsquo;article\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thesuffragettes.org\/map\/london-boroughs\/kensington-chelsea\/kensington-society\/\"><em>The Kensington Society<\/em><\/a> sur le site internet\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thesuffragettes.org\/\">www.thesuffragettes.org\/<\/a>\u00a0; l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<em>Hearts And Minds: The Untold Story of the Great Pilgrimage and How Women Won the Vote<\/em>, de<span class=\"addmd\">\u00a0Jane Robinson, 2018, chapitre 2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">23. <a id=\"note23\" href=\"#anote23\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir les\u00a0articles\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/business\/committees\/committees-a-z\/commons-select\/petitions-committee\/petition-of-the-month\/votes-for-women-the-1866-suffrage-petition\/\"><em>Votes for women: the 1866 suffrage petition<\/em><\/a>\u00a0et\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/about\/living-heritage\/transformingsociety\/electionsvoting\/womenvote\/parliamentary-collections\/1866-suffrage-petition\/john-stuart-mill\/\"><em>John Stuart Mill and the 1866 petition<\/em><\/a>, sur le site internet\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/\">www.parliament.uk<\/a>\u00a0; l&rsquo;article <em>Kensington Ladies&rsquo; Club<\/em>, dans l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<span id=\"productTitle\" class=\"a-size-large\"><em>Dictionary of British Women&rsquo;s Organisations, 1825-1960<\/em>,<\/span><span class=\"a-size-medium a-color-secondary a-text-normal\">\u00a0<span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"143\">David Doughan<span class=\"contribution\"><span class=\"a-color-secondary\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"192\">Professor Peter Gordon,\u00a0<\/span>2001, page 69 ;\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">l&rsquo;article\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thesuffragettes.org\/map\/london-boroughs\/kensington-chelsea\/kensington-society\/\"><em>The Kensington Society<\/em><\/a> sur le site internet\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thesuffragettes.org\/\">www.thesuffragettes.org\/<\/a><\/span>\u00a0;\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">l&rsquo;ouvrage\u00a0<\/span><em>Women in British Politics<\/em>, <em>C.1689-1979<\/em>, de\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">Krista Cowman, 2010, chapitre 3 \u00ab\u00a0<em>The Campaign for Women&rsquo;s Suffrage<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">24. <a id=\"note24\" href=\"#anote24\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir l&rsquo;article \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/open.conted.ox.ac.uk\/resources\/documents\/%E2%80%98we-must-do-well-if-we-do-it-all%E2%80%99-reports-first-women%E2%80%99s-college-girton-cambridge\"><em>We Must Do This Well If We Do It At All\u2019: Reports On The First Women\u2019s College, Girton, Cambridge<\/em><\/a>, de Susanna Cerasuolo, 2014, sur le site internet\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/open.conted.ox.ac.uk\/\">https:\/\/open.conted.ox.ac.uk\/<\/a> de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Oxford.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">25. <a id=\"note25\" href=\"#anote25\">[\u2191]<\/a>\u00a0Voir l&rsquo;ouvrage <em>Women&rsquo;s History: Britain, 1850-1945: An Introduction<\/em>, de\u00a0<span class=\"addmd\">June Purvis, 2005, page 112.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Royaume Uni a f\u00eat\u00e9 le 6 f\u00e9vrier 2018 le centi\u00e8me anniversaire du droit de vote des femmes.\u00a0L&rsquo;obtention de ce droit est l&rsquo;aboutissement de plus de quarante ann\u00e9es de revendications \u00e9maill\u00e9es d&rsquo;\u00e9checs pour les militantes&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/?p=4438\">Lire la suite<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Les droits des femmes en Angleterre au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle : la lutte pour les droits au sein de la sph\u00e8re publique (I)<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4438","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-histoire","category-royaume-uni","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4438","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4438"}],"version-history":[{"count":126,"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4438\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5213,"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4438\/revisions\/5213"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4438"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4438"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/loiseaumoqueur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4438"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}